Frailty Is a Major Determinant of Postoperative Outcomes in Older Adults, Regardless of Surgery

A new study of Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older undergoing non-cardiac surgeries has revealed that frailty is a significant predictor of postoperative outcomes, regardless of the type of surgery performed. Frail patients faced notably higher mortality rates at 30- and 365-days post-surgery, increased readmission rates at 30 days, and substantial home time loss over a year compared to their robust counterparts after major and minor surgical procedures.

Published in Anaesthesia, the study, “Impact of peri-operative frailty and operative stress on post-discharge mortality, readmission and days at home in Medicare beneficiaries,” found:

• Higher Mortality Rates: Patients with greater frailty experienced significantly higher mortality at both 30 days and 365 days post-surgery.
• Increased Readmissions: Frail patients had higher readmission rates within 30 days of their procedures.
• Substantial Home Time Loss: Frail patients lost more home time over the course of a year after surgery, primarily due to extended stays in skilled nursing facilities and increased days lost to death.

The study evaluated a nationwide retrospective cohort study that included Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries who underwent 565 non-cardiac surgical procedures defined by the Operative Stress Score (OSS) from 2015 to 2019 for various levels of operative stress. Researchers found that the variation in postoperative outcomes due to frailty was much greater than by operative stress category. Incremental home time loss associated with frailty was mainly attributed to more days spent in skilled nursing facilities and days lost to death.

According to Chan Mi Park, MD, MPH, a clinical investigator at the Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research at Hebrew SeniorLife and lead researcher for the study, “Our findings indicate implications for health care providers before patients undergo surgery. First, frailty assessments should become a standard part of pre-operative evaluations for older adults to better predict and manage postoperative risks. Second, a multidisciplinary care team should develop a peri-operative care plan for each patient. Third, the medical team should have detailed with patients and their families about expected postoperative courses, especially concerning home time loss.”

The study's findings are consistent with previous research from the United States Veterans Administration Surgical Quality Improvement Program, reinforcing that frailty, rather than surgical stress, plays a critical role in postoperative outcomes. Notably, frailty's impact was evident even in traditionally “low-risk” surgeries, challenging conventional views on surgical risk in older, frail patients.

Co-authors of the study include:

• Jessica J. Lie, MD, Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia
• Laiji Yang, MPH, data scientist II at the Marcus Institute, Hebrew SeniorLife
• Zara Cooper, MD, MSc, professor of surgery at Harvard Medical School and director for Brigham and Women’s Hospital’s Center for Surgery and Public Health (CSPH)
• Dae Hyun Kim, MD, MPH, ScD, director of the Frailty Research Program at the Marcus Institute, Hebrew SeniorLife

About Hebrew SeniorLife
Hebrew SeniorLife, an affiliate of Harvard Medical School, is a national senior services leader uniquely dedicated to rethinking, researching, and redefining the possibilities of aging. Hebrew SeniorLife cares for more than 4,500 seniors a day across campuses throughout Greater Boston. Locations include: Hebrew Rehabilitation Center-Boston and Hebrew Rehabilitation Center-NewBridge in Dedham; NewBridge on the Charles, Dedham; Orchard Cove, Canton; Simon C. Fireman Community, Randolph; Center Communities of Brookline, Brookline; Jack Satter House, Revere; and Leyland Community, Dorchester. Founded in 1903, Hebrew SeniorLife also conducts influential research into aging at the Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, which has a portfolio of more than $98 million, making it one of the largest gerontological research facilities in the U.S. in a clinical setting. It also trains more than 500 geriatric care providers each year. For more information about Hebrew SeniorLife, visit our website or follow us on our blog, Facebook, Instagram, Threads, and LinkedIn.

About the Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research
Scientists at the Marcus Institute seek to transform the human experience of aging by conducting research that will ensure a life of health, dignity, and productivity into advanced age. The Marcus Institute carries out rigorous studies that discover the mechanisms of age-related disease and disability; lead to the prevention, treatment, and cure of disease; advance the standard of care for older people; and inform public decision-making.